Explanation

During alcoholic fermentation, yeast converts sugars in the dough into carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

The CO2 produced gets trapped in the dough, causing it to expand and rise.

This process is responsible for the light and airy texture of bread.

Explanation

Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid through a process called lactic acid fermentation.

It occurs in muscles during intense exercise or in certain microorganisms like Lactobacillus.

Pyruvic acid is a key intermediate in cellular respiration and is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

Explanation

Most living things, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, use oxygen (O2) to produce ATP through cellular respiration.

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, and it's essential for various biological processes like muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and biosynthesis.

Explanation

Biotechnology in industry refers to the use of biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to develop new products and processes on a large scale.

This includes the production of alcohol, antibiotics, vaccines, biofuels, and other commodities.

Explanation

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a global research effort that successfully mapped the entire human genome, identifying all its genes and their sequences.

The project was completed in 2003.

It's findings have revolutionized our understanding of human biology, disease, and treatment.

Explanation

Farmers were the earliest biotechnologists, as they inadvertently manipulated the genetic makeup of crops and livestock through selective breeding and domestication.

This traditional form of biotechnology dates back thousands of years, long before the discovery of DNA and modern genetic engineering techniques.

Explanation

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification or biotechnology.

It is the artificial manipulation of DNA to alter the genetic code of an organism.

This can involve the transfer of genes from one organism to another, or the alteration of existing genes within an organism.

Explanation

Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air, including solid waste and excess gases, which can harm human health and the environment.

Examples include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds, which can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues.

Explanation

Mutualism is the association between two different species, known as symbionts, where both benefit from each other's presence and cannot survive without each other.

This intimate relationship is essential for the survival and success of both species.

Examples of mutualism include:

• Clownfish and sea anemone
• Coral and zooxanthellae
• Bees and flowers
• Humans and gut bacteria

Explanation

Competition is the interaction between organisms of a community that occupy the same habitat and seek the same resources, such as food, water, light, and space.

This "cold war" leads to a struggle for existence, where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.