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Johann Herbart was a philosopher belonged to Germany.

Johann Friedrich Herbart proposed a psychological model for education with four key components: instructional objective, entering behavior, instructional procedure, and performance assessment.

He emphasized structured learning and systematic instruction in educational psychology.

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Common sense refers to practical judgment that helps people navigate complex or chaotic situations.

It enables individuals to function effectively by applying basic reasoning and experience.

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Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic.

Bertrand Russell believed that punishment alone is not an effective method to correct unhealthy habits in children.

He emphasized understanding, reasoning, and proper guidance instead of strict punishment.

Explanation

Jerome Bruner emphasized that teachers should adopt a perspective theory, which helps them understand how students learn and think, rather than just following rigid, descriptive theories.

This approach focuses on active learning, scaffolding, and discovery-based education, allowing teachers to adapt their methods based on students' needs.

Explanation

John Amos Comenius, a 17th-century educator, believed that education should develop individuals morally and spiritually, aligning them with divine principles.

He emphasized universal education, aiming to shape people into enlightened, virtuous beings who reflect the image of God.

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Essentialism focuses on core knowledge and skills, while Pragmatism emphasizes learning through experience and problem-solving.

Both philosophies value practical education, making Pragmatism a key influence in shaping Essentialism.

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The tri-polar process of teaching involves a teacher delivering knowledge, a pupil receiving it, and the learning process facilitating understanding.

This model emphasizes interaction among these three elements to achieve effective education.

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The Concept Attainment Model involves learning through comparison, classification, and hypothesis testing based on examples.

The stages include confrontation with a task, inquiry, and transfer of knowledge to new situations.

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In early childhood, a child's behavior is primarily shaped by family interactions and parental guidance.

Parents and close relatives influence the child's values, habits, and emotional development the most.

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